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Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) vacuum viewport is an excellent choice for a sealed vessel to house a thermal camera inside a vacuum chamber. ZnSe has several properties that make it particularly suitable for this application: Infrared Transparency: ZnSe has excellent transmission in the infrared range (0.6 to 16 microns), which is ideal for thermal cameras that operate in the infrared spectrum. Thermal Stability: ZnSe can withstand high temperatures, making it suitable for environments where temperature fluctuations might occur. Optical Quality: ZnSe can be manufactured to high optical quality, ensuring clear and accurate thermal imaging. Chemical Resistance: ZnSe is chemically stable and resistant to many acids and bases, which adds to its durability in various environments. Mechanical Strength: While ZnSe is softer than materials like sapphire, it is still robust enough for many vacuum applications, especially when protected from mechanical abrasion. In summary, using a ZnSe viewport for a vacuum chamber housing a thermal camera ensures that you have a material that provides the necessary optical clarity, thermal stability, and durability required for effective thermal imaging in a vacuum environment. Keywords: ZnSe, vacuum viewport, thermal camera, vacuum chamber, infrared transparency, thermal stability, optical quality, chemical resistance, mechanical strength

Research areas: Jet-in-crossflow phenomenon Impinging jet vortex dynamics Indeterminate-origin nozzle vortex dynamics Jet-mixing enhancement techniques Bio-inspired flow control techniques High-speed aerodynamics Supersonic flow phenomenon and measurement techniques Two-phase flow phenomenon Pulse detonation engine technology Vortex dynamics and flow physics

Do you have spectrum graph at different doping concentration ?

???

Hello, I would like information about the material

hell yeah

Not gonna lie, these are totally alexandrite rods before repair

When will the crystal rod be repaired and sent to me? TKS

Glad to know, thanks.

please give me the sale price

Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) Pockels cells are electro-optic devices used to modulate light in the long-wave infrared spectrum (typically 8-12 microns). These cells exploit the Pockels effect, where an applied electric field induces birefringence in a crystal, thus modulating the phase or polarization of the transmitted light. Key features and considerations for LWIR Pockels cells include: Crystal Materials: Cadmium Telluride (CdTe): A common material used in LWIR Pockels cells due to its good transmission in the LWIR range and strong electro-optic coefficients. Zinc Selenide (ZnSe): Another material often used, offering good infrared transmission and durability. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs): Sometimes used for its high electro-optic coefficients, though it may have limitations in certain LWIR applications. Applications: Laser Q-Switching: Used to control the timing of laser pulses, allowing for the generation of high-intensity, short-duration pulses. Optical Modulation: Used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of LWIR laser beams. Infrared Imaging: Enhancing imaging systems by providing fast and precise control over infrared light. Performance Factors: High Damage Threshold: Necessary to withstand high-intensity laser beams without degradation. Low Insertion Loss: Important to ensure minimal loss of signal strength during modulation. Fast Response Time: Critical for applications requiring rapid modulation of the light signal. Challenges: Material Quality: High-purity, defect-free crystals are needed to ensure efficient operation and longevity. Temperature Sensitivity: Some materials used in Pockels cells can be sensitive to temperature changes, requiring careful thermal management. LWIR Pockels cells are specialized components essential for advanced infrared laser systems, providing precise control over the properties of LWIR light for a variety of scientific, military, and industrial applications. Keywords: LWIR, Pockels cells, long-wave infrared, electro-optic modulation, CdTe, ZnSe, GaAs, laser Q-switching, optical modulation, infrared imaging, high damage threshold, low insertion loss, fast response time, material quality, temperature sensitivity.

An Alexandrite laser rod is a synthetic crystal used as the gain medium in Alexandrite lasers. It is composed of chrysoberyl (beryllium aluminum oxide) doped with chromium ions, which give the crystal its characteristic lasing properties. The rod is typically cylindrical and can vary in size depending on the specific design and application of the laser. Uses of Alexandrite Laser Rods: Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are widely used for permanent hair reduction. Their wavelength (755 nm) is highly effective for targeting melanin in hair follicles, making them suitable for treating a range of skin types, particularly those with lighter skin tones. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers are used to treat various pigmented lesions such as freckles, age spots, and melasma by targeting and breaking down the melanin in the skin. Tattoo Removal: Due to its ability to target dark pigments, Alexandrite lasers are effective in removing black and blue tattoos. Vascular Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers can also be used to treat vascular lesions like spider veins and hemangiomas by targeting the hemoglobin in the blood vessels. Skin Rejuvenation: They are used for skin resurfacing and tightening, helping to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and improve overall skin texture and tone. Dermatological Applications: Alexandrite lasers are employed in various dermatological treatments, including the removal of certain types of skin growths and lesions. The versatility and effectiveness of Alexandrite lasers make them a valuable tool in both medical and cosmetic dermatology. Keywords: Alexandrite laser rod, uses, hair removal, pigmented lesions, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, skin rejuvenation, dermatology, synthetic crystal, chrysoberyl, chromium ions.

An Alexandrite laser rod is a synthetic crystal used as the gain medium in Alexandrite lasers. It is composed of chrysoberyl (beryllium aluminum oxide) doped with chromium ions, which give the crystal its characteristic lasing properties. The rod is typically cylindrical and can vary in size depending on the specific design and application of the laser. Uses of Alexandrite Laser Rods: Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are widely used for permanent hair reduction. Their wavelength (755 nm) is highly effective for targeting melanin in hair follicles, making them suitable for treating a range of skin types, particularly those with lighter skin tones. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers are used to treat various pigmented lesions such as freckles, age spots, and melasma by targeting and breaking down the melanin in the skin. Tattoo Removal: Due to its ability to target dark pigments, Alexandrite lasers are effective in removing black and blue tattoos. Vascular Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers can also be used to treat vascular lesions like spider veins and hemangiomas by targeting the hemoglobin in the blood vessels. Skin Rejuvenation: They are used for skin resurfacing and tightening, helping to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and improve overall skin texture and tone. Dermatological Applications: Alexandrite lasers are employed in various dermatological treatments, including the removal of certain types of skin growths and lesions. The versatility and effectiveness of Alexandrite lasers make them a valuable tool in both medical and cosmetic dermatology. Keywords: Alexandrite laser rod, uses, hair removal, pigmented lesions, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, skin rejuvenation, dermatology, synthetic crystal, chrysoberyl, chromium ions.

A TiO2 single crystal substrate refers to a single crystal form of titanium dioxide that is used as a substrate in various scientific and technological applications. These substrates are typically used in thin film deposition, epitaxial growth, and as a template for growing other materials. There are two primary crystal forms of TiO2 used for substrates: Rutile TiO2: It has a tetragonal crystal structure and is often used due to its stability and high refractive index. Anatase TiO2: It also has a tetragonal structure but is less commonly used as a substrate compared to rutile. Single crystal substrates of TiO2 are valued for their well-defined crystallographic orientation, purity, and uniformity, which are crucial for precise experimental and industrial applications, including optoelectronics, photocatalysis, and advanced materials research. Keywords: TiO2, single crystal, substrate, titanium dioxide, rutile, anatase, thin film deposition, epitaxial growth, crystal orientation, optoelectronics, photocatalysis

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Alexandrite laser rods, often referred to as "Alex rods," are solid-state laser gain media made from the mineral alexandrite (BeAl₂O₄ ³⁺). These rods are commonly used in various laser systems, particularly for medical and industrial applications. Here are some key points about alexandrite laser rods: Properties of Alexandrite Laser Rods Wavelength: Alexandrite lasers typically emit light at a wavelength of around 755 nm, which is in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. The wavelength can be tuned over a range of 700 nm to 820 nm, making it versatile for various applications. Gain Medium: The gain medium is a crystal of beryllium aluminum oxide doped with chromium ions (Cr³⁺), which provides the necessary active lasing properties. Efficiency: Alexandrite laser rods are known for their high efficiency and good thermal properties, allowing for high-power operation with minimal thermal distortion. Durability: These rods are robust and resistant to thermal fracture, which makes them suitable for high-power laser applications. Applications of Alexandrite Laser Rods Medical and Aesthetic Treatments: Laser Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are highly effective for hair removal, especially for individuals with light skin and dark hair. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Used to treat various pigmented skin lesions, such as age spots, freckles, and melasma. Tattoo Removal: Effective for removing dark-colored tattoos due to its specific wavelength that targets dark pigments. Vascular Lesions: Treats vascular lesions like spider veins by targeting the hemoglobin in blood vessels. Industrial Applications: Material Processing: Used for cutting, welding, and marking metals and other materials due to its high precision and power. Micromachining: Suitable for delicate and precise material removal processes in manufacturing and electronics. Scientific Research: Spectroscopy: Alexandrite lasers are used in various spectroscopic applications due to their tunability and high peak power. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Used to analyze material compositions by generating plasma from the sample surface. Maintenance and Care Cleaning: Laser rods should be kept clean and free of contaminants. Use appropriate solvents and lint-free wipes for cleaning. Handling: Handle with care to avoid scratches and damage. Use clean gloves to prevent oils and dirt from transferring to the rod. Coatings: Ensure that anti-reflective (AR), high-reflective (HR), and protective (PR) coatings are intact to maintain performance and efficiency. Types of Coatings on Alexandrite Laser Rods Anti-Reflective (AR) Coatings: Minimize reflection losses at the surface of the laser rod to maximize the transmission of laser light. Typically made from dielectric materials like magnesium fluoride (MgF₂). High-Reflective (HR) Coatings: Reflect specific wavelengths of light, particularly at the ends of the laser rod, to optimize the lasing process within the cavity. Made from multiple layers of dielectric materials with alternating refractive indices. Protective Coatings (PR): Protect the surface of the laser rod from environmental damage, contamination, and mechanical wear. Made from various durable materials resistant to moisture, dust, and other contaminants. Example Combinations of Coatings AR/AR Coatings: Anti-reflective coatings on both ends of the laser rod to reduce reflection losses and enhance overall transmission efficiency. AR/HR Coatings: An anti-reflective coating on one end and a high-reflective coating on the other end to minimize reflection losses at the entry point while reflecting the lasing wavelength back into the rod, optimizing the lasing process. HR/PR Coatings: A high-reflective coating on one end and a protective coating on the other to protect from environmental damage and ensure durability. In summary, alexandrite laser rods are critical components in various laser systems, known for their efficiency, durability, and versatility. They find applications in medical treatments, industrial processes, and scientific research. keywords: Alexandrite laser rods, Alex rods, solid-state lasers, medical applications, industrial applications, scientific research, laser hair removal, pigmented lesion treatment, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, material processing, spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, anti-reflective coatings, high-reflective coatings, protective coatings

Alexandrite laser rods, often referred to as "Alex rods," are solid-state laser gain media made from the mineral alexandrite (BeAl₂O₄ ³⁺). These rods are commonly used in various laser systems, particularly for medical and industrial applications. Here are some key points about alexandrite laser rods: Properties of Alexandrite Laser Rods Wavelength: Alexandrite lasers typically emit light at a wavelength of around 755 nm, which is in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. The wavelength can be tuned over a range of 700 nm to 820 nm, making it versatile for various applications. Gain Medium: The gain medium is a crystal of beryllium aluminum oxide doped with chromium ions (Cr³⁺), which provides the necessary active lasing properties. Efficiency: Alexandrite laser rods are known for their high efficiency and good thermal properties, allowing for high-power operation with minimal thermal distortion. Durability: These rods are robust and resistant to thermal fracture, which makes them suitable for high-power laser applications. Applications of Alexandrite Laser Rods Medical and Aesthetic Treatments: Laser Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are highly effective for hair removal, especially for individuals with light skin and dark hair. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Used to treat various pigmented skin lesions, such as age spots, freckles, and melasma. Tattoo Removal: Effective for removing dark-colored tattoos due to its specific wavelength that targets dark pigments. Vascular Lesions: Treats vascular lesions like spider veins by targeting the hemoglobin in blood vessels. Industrial Applications: Material Processing: Used for cutting, welding, and marking metals and other materials due to its high precision and power. Micromachining: Suitable for delicate and precise material removal processes in manufacturing and electronics. Scientific Research: Spectroscopy: Alexandrite lasers are used in various spectroscopic applications due to their tunability and high peak power. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Used to analyze material compositions by generating plasma from the sample surface. Maintenance and Care Cleaning: Laser rods should be kept clean and free of contaminants. Use appropriate solvents and lint-free wipes for cleaning. Handling: Handle with care to avoid scratches and damage. Use clean gloves to prevent oils and dirt from transferring to the rod. Coatings: Ensure that anti-reflective (AR), high-reflective (HR), and protective (PR) coatings are intact to maintain performance and efficiency. Types of Coatings on Alexandrite Laser Rods Anti-Reflective (AR) Coatings: Minimize reflection losses at the surface of the laser rod to maximize the transmission of laser light. Typically made from dielectric materials like magnesium fluoride (MgF₂). High-Reflective (HR) Coatings: Reflect specific wavelengths of light, particularly at the ends of the laser rod, to optimize the lasing process within the cavity. Made from multiple layers of dielectric materials with alternating refractive indices. Protective Coatings (PR): Protect the surface of the laser rod from environmental damage, contamination, and mechanical wear. Made from various durable materials resistant to moisture, dust, and other contaminants. Example Combinations of Coatings AR/AR Coatings: Anti-reflective coatings on both ends of the laser rod to reduce reflection losses and enhance overall transmission efficiency. AR/HR Coatings: An anti-reflective coating on one end and a high-reflective coating on the other end to minimize reflection losses at the entry point while reflecting the lasing wavelength back into the rod, optimizing the lasing process. HR/PR Coatings: A high-reflective coating on one end and a protective coating on the other to protect from environmental damage and ensure durability. In summary, alexandrite laser rods are critical components in various laser systems, known for their efficiency, durability, and versatility. They find applications in medical treatments, industrial processes, and scientific research. keywords: Alexandrite laser rods, Alex rods, solid-state lasers, medical applications, industrial applications, scientific research, laser hair removal, pigmented lesion treatment, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, material processing, spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, anti-reflective coatings, high-reflective coatings, protective coatings

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Lasers play a critical role in plasma research due to their ability to deliver high precision, high energy, and short pulses of light. Here are the primary applications of lasers in plasma research: 1. Laser-Induced Plasma Formation Application: Creating plasma by focusing intense laser pulses on a target material. Mechanism: High-intensity laser beams ionize the target material, creating a plasma. This is used in various studies, including basic plasma physics and material interactions. 2. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Application: Achieving nuclear fusion by using laser beams to compress and heat a small pellet of fusion fuel. Mechanism: Multiple high-powered lasers are focused on a fuel pellet, causing it to implode and reach the extreme conditions necessary for fusion. 3. Laser Wakefield Acceleration Application: Accelerating particles using plasma waves generated by intense laser pulses. Mechanism: A high-intensity laser pulse propagates through a plasma, creating a wakefield that accelerates particles to high energies over short distances. 4. Plasma Diagnostics Application: Measuring various properties of plasmas such as density, temperature, and composition. Techniques: Thomson Scattering: Using laser light scattering off electrons to determine electron density and temperature. Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF): Exciting atoms or ions in the plasma and measuring their emitted light to infer density and temperature. Interferometry: Measuring the refractive index of plasma to deduce electron density. 5. High Harmonic Generation (HHG) Application: Producing high-energy photons by interacting intense laser pulses with plasma. Mechanism: An intense laser field causes an electron in an atom or ion to oscillate and emit high-frequency radiation, producing high harmonics of the laser frequency. 6. Laser Ablation Application: Creating plasma by removing material from a solid surface using laser pulses. Mechanism: Short, intense laser pulses vaporize material from a target, generating a plasma plume. This is used in thin film deposition, nanomaterial synthesis, and surface analysis. 7. X-ray Lasers Application: Generating coherent X-ray beams using plasma as a gain medium. Mechanism: High-intensity laser pulses create a highly ionized plasma that serves as a medium for X-ray amplification, producing X-ray laser beams for various applications, including imaging and spectroscopy. 8. Plasma Heating Application: Heating plasmas to high temperatures for research in controlled fusion and other high-energy density physics experiments. Mechanism: Lasers deposit energy directly into the plasma, increasing its temperature and enabling the study of high-temperature plasma behavior. 9. Laser-Plasma Interactions Application: Studying the interaction between intense laser fields and plasma. Mechanism: Investigations into phenomena such as self-focusing, filamentation, and the generation of secondary radiation (e.g., terahertz radiation) through laser-plasma interactions. 10. Plasma-Based Light Sources Application: Generating coherent and incoherent light sources from plasma. Mechanism: Plasma created by laser pulses emits light across a broad spectrum, including ultraviolet and X-ray regions, used for spectroscopy and imaging applications. In summary, lasers are indispensable in plasma research, enabling the creation, manipulation, and diagnostic analysis of plasmas for various scientific and practical applications. keywords: lasers, plasma research, laser-induced plasma, inertial confinement fusion, laser wakefield acceleration, plasma diagnostics, high harmonic generation, laser ablation, X-ray lasers, plasma heating, laser-plasma interactions, plasma-based light sources

New GaP 110 crystals in stock - request a quote at sales@dmphotonics.com We can offer from stock GaP (110) : 5x5x0.03 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 5x5x0.05 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 10x10x0.05 mm, mounted in one inch holders 10x10x0.2 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers 10x10x0.3 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers ruclips.net/video/kowAxhM9tuY/видео.html for complete current stock of GaP, ZnTe, GaAs, CdTe and LN crystals email to sales@dmphotonics.com

New GaP 110 crystals in stock - request a quote at sales@dmphotonics.com We can offer from stock GaP (110) : 5x5x0.03 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 5x5x0.05 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 10x10x0.05 mm, mounted in one inch holders 10x10x0.2 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers 10x10x0.3 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers ruclips.net/video/kowAxhM9tuY/видео.html for complete current stock of GaP, ZnTe, GaAs, CdTe and LN crystals email to sales@dmphotonics.com

New GaP 110 crystals in stock - request a quote at sales@dmphotonics.com We can offer from stock GaP (110) : 5x5x0.03 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 5x5x0.05 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 10x10x0.05 mm, mounted in one inch holders 10x10x0.2 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers 10x10x0.3 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers ruclips.net/video/kowAxhM9tuY/видео.html for complete current stock of GaP, ZnTe, GaAs, CdTe and LN crystals email to sales@dmphotonics.com

New GaP 110 crystals in stock - request a quote at sales@dmphotonics.com We can offer from stock GaP (110) : 5x5x0.03 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 5x5x0.05 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 10x10x0.05 mm, mounted in one inch holders 10x10x0.2 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers 10x10x0.3 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers ruclips.net/video/kowAxhM9tuY/видео.html for complete current stock of GaP, ZnTe, GaAs, CdTe and LN crystals email to sales@dmphotonics.com

New GaP 110 crystals in stock - request a quote at sales@dmphotonics.com We can offer from stock GaP (110) : 5x5x0.03 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 5x5x0.05 mm, mounted in 0.5 inch holders 10x10x0.05 mm, mounted in one inch holders 10x10x0.2 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers 10x10x0.3 mm, unmounted, shipped in 3D printed plastic containers ruclips.net/video/kowAxhM9tuY/видео.html for complete current stock of GaP, ZnTe, GaAs, CdTe and LN crystals email to sales@dmphotonics.com

What the hell was that that I was looking at?

An Alexandrite laser rod is a synthetic crystal used as the gain medium in Alexandrite lasers. It is composed of chrysoberyl (beryllium aluminum oxide) doped with chromium ions, which give the crystal its characteristic lasing properties. The rod is typically cylindrical and can vary in size depending on the specific design and application of the laser. Uses of Alexandrite Laser Rods: Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are widely used for permanent hair reduction. Their wavelength (755 nm) is highly effective for targeting melanin in hair follicles, making them suitable for treating a range of skin types, particularly those with lighter skin tones. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers are used to treat various pigmented lesions such as freckles, age spots, and melasma by targeting and breaking down the melanin in the skin. Tattoo Removal: Due to its ability to target dark pigments, Alexandrite lasers are effective in removing black and blue tattoos. Vascular Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers can also be used to treat vascular lesions like spider veins and hemangiomas by targeting the hemoglobin in the blood vessels. Skin Rejuvenation: They are used for skin resurfacing and tightening, helping to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and improve overall skin texture and tone. Dermatological Applications: Alexandrite lasers are employed in various dermatological treatments, including the removal of certain types of skin growths and lesions. The versatility and effectiveness of Alexandrite lasers make them a valuable tool in both medical and cosmetic dermatology. Keywords: Alexandrite laser rod, uses, hair removal, pigmented lesions, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, skin rejuvenation, dermatology, synthetic crystal, chrysoberyl, chromium ions.

Some prominent manufacturers and brands of Alexandrite lasers include: Candela: Known for their GentleMax Pro and GentleLase systems, which are widely used for hair removal and vascular lesion treatments. Cynosure: Offers the Apogee Elite system, which combines Alexandrite and Nd lasers for various aesthetic treatments. Lumenis: Provides the LightSheer system, which includes Alexandrite laser technology for hair removal and other dermatological treatments. Quanta System: Offers the Thunder MT system, which combines Alexandrite and Nd lasers for a range of aesthetic and dermatological applications. Deka: Known for the Synchro REPLA system, which integrates Alexandrite and Nd lasers for hair removal and other treatments. Fotona: Offers the StarWalker and Fotona XP systems, which include Alexandrite laser technology for various medical and aesthetic procedures. Sharplight: Provides multi-technology platforms, including Alexandrite lasers, for aesthetic treatments. Asclepion: Known for the MeDioStar NeXT system, which incorporates Alexandrite laser technology for hair removal and other aesthetic applications. These brands are renowned for their advanced laser technology and are widely used in dermatology and aesthetic medicine. Keywords: Alexandrite lasers, manufacturers, brands, Candela, Cynosure, Lumenis, Quanta System, Deka, Fotona, Sharplight, Asclepion, hair removal, dermatology, aesthetic treatments.

A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultra-short pulses of light, typically in the order of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds). These lasers are known for their extremely high peak powers and precision due to the very short duration of their pulses. Femtosecond lasers are used in a wide range of applications, including: 1. Medical Procedures: They are used in ophthalmology for procedures like LASIK eye surgery, where precision is crucial. 2. Scientific Research: Femtosecond lasers are instrumental in studying ultrafast processes in chemistry and physics, such as observing molecular and atomic interactions. 3. Micromachining: Due to their precision, these lasers are used for micromachining materials, including delicate substrates that would be damaged by longer pulse lasers. 4. Spectroscopy: They are used in techniques like pump-probe spectroscopy to study the dynamics of electrons, atoms, and molecules. 5. Material Processing: In industrial settings, femtosecond lasers are used for cutting, drilling, and texturing materials with high precision and minimal thermal damage. The development and refinement of femtosecond lasers have opened up new possibilities in many fields, enabling advancements in technology, medicine, and fundamental science. Keywords: femtosecond laser, ultra-short pulses, high peak power, precision, medical procedures, scientific research, micromachining, spectroscopy, material processing, ultrafast processes

Time Domain Spectroscopy (TDS) is a technique used to measure and analyze the properties of materials by observing their interaction with electromagnetic waves in the time domain. This method involves generating a short pulse of electromagnetic radiation, transmitting it through or reflecting it from a sample, and then detecting the time-dependent signal that results from this interaction. Key Components and Process Pulse Generation: A short, broadband pulse of electromagnetic radiation is generated. This is often achieved using femtosecond lasers, which produce pulses on the order of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds). Sample Interaction: The generated pulse interacts with the sample. Depending on the application, the pulse can be transmitted through, reflected from, or absorbed by the sample. The interaction causes changes in the pulse due to the material's properties. Detection: The time-dependent electric field of the pulse after interaction with the sample is detected. This can be done using various techniques, such as photoconductive antennas or electro-optic sampling. Data Analysis: The detected time-domain signal is then analyzed. Often, a Fourier Transform is applied to convert the time-domain data into the frequency domain, providing a spectrum that reveals the material’s properties across a range of frequencies. Applications Material Characterization: TDS is used to determine the optical and electronic properties of materials. It can measure refractive indices, absorption coefficients, and dielectric properties. Non-Destructive Testing: TDS allows for the examination of materials and structures without causing damage. It can detect defects, inhomogeneities, and impurities in materials such as composites and polymers. Biomedical Imaging: TDS can be used for non-invasive imaging of tissues, providing insights into their structural and compositional characteristics. Security Screening: TDS is employed in the detection of concealed objects, such as explosives or weapons, due to its ability to penetrate various materials and provide high-resolution imaging. Advantages of Time Domain Spectroscopy Broadband Spectra: TDS provides broadband spectra in a single measurement, covering a wide range of frequencies. High Temporal Resolution: The use of ultrashort pulses allows for high temporal resolution, enabling the study of fast dynamics in materials. Non-Destructive: The technique is non-destructive, making it suitable for sensitive and valuable samples. Example of Time Domain Spectroscopy: Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a specific type of TDS that operates in the terahertz frequency range (0.1 to 10 THz). It is used for applications such as: Spectroscopic Analysis: Studying the vibrational and rotational modes of molecules. Material Identification: Differentiating between various materials based on their unique THz spectral signatures. Imaging: Creating high-resolution images of objects or structures, revealing hidden features or defects. References For more detailed information on Time Domain Spectroscopy and its applications, you can refer to sources like: Nature Reviews Materials: Comprehensive reviews and articles on material characterization techniques including TDS. IEEE Journals: Papers on the development and applications of TDS in various fields. Optics Express: Research articles on the latest advancements in TDS technology. Keywords: Time Domain Spectroscopy, TDS, femtosecond laser, material characterization, non-destructive testing, biomedical imaging, security screening, terahertz spectroscopy.

Time Domain Spectroscopy (TDS) is a technique used to measure and analyze the properties of materials by observing their interaction with electromagnetic waves in the time domain. This method involves generating a short pulse of electromagnetic radiation, transmitting it through or reflecting it from a sample, and then detecting the time-dependent signal that results from this interaction. Key Components and Process Pulse Generation: A short, broadband pulse of electromagnetic radiation is generated. This is often achieved using femtosecond lasers, which produce pulses on the order of femtoseconds (10^-15 seconds). Sample Interaction: The generated pulse interacts with the sample. Depending on the application, the pulse can be transmitted through, reflected from, or absorbed by the sample. The interaction causes changes in the pulse due to the material's properties. Detection: The time-dependent electric field of the pulse after interaction with the sample is detected. This can be done using various techniques, such as photoconductive antennas or electro-optic sampling. Data Analysis: The detected time-domain signal is then analyzed. Often, a Fourier Transform is applied to convert the time-domain data into the frequency domain, providing a spectrum that reveals the material’s properties across a range of frequencies. Applications Material Characterization: TDS is used to determine the optical and electronic properties of materials. It can measure refractive indices, absorption coefficients, and dielectric properties. Non-Destructive Testing: TDS allows for the examination of materials and structures without causing damage. It can detect defects, inhomogeneities, and impurities in materials such as composites and polymers. Biomedical Imaging: TDS can be used for non-invasive imaging of tissues, providing insights into their structural and compositional characteristics. Security Screening: TDS is employed in the detection of concealed objects, such as explosives or weapons, due to its ability to penetrate various materials and provide high-resolution imaging. Advantages of Time Domain Spectroscopy Broadband Spectra: TDS provides broadband spectra in a single measurement, covering a wide range of frequencies. High Temporal Resolution: The use of ultrashort pulses allows for high temporal resolution, enabling the study of fast dynamics in materials. Non-Destructive: The technique is non-destructive, making it suitable for sensitive and valuable samples. Example of Time Domain Spectroscopy: Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a specific type of TDS that operates in the terahertz frequency range (0.1 to 10 THz). It is used for applications such as: Spectroscopic Analysis: Studying the vibrational and rotational modes of molecules. Material Identification: Differentiating between various materials based on their unique THz spectral signatures. Imaging: Creating high-resolution images of objects or structures, revealing hidden features or defects. References For more detailed information on Time Domain Spectroscopy and its applications, you can refer to sources like: Nature Reviews Materials: Comprehensive reviews and articles on material characterization techniques including TDS. IEEE Journals: Papers on the development and applications of TDS in various fields. Optics Express: Research articles on the latest advancements in TDS technology. Keywords: Time Domain Spectroscopy, TDS, femtosecond laser, material characterization, non-destructive testing, biomedical imaging, security screening, terahertz spectroscopy.

How to choose LiTaO3 crystal thickness for pyroelectric detector Choosing the appropriate thickness of a LiTaO₃ (lithium tantalate) crystal for a pyroelectric detector involves balancing several factors to optimize the detector's performance. Here are the key considerations: Key Factors to Consider: Sensitivity and Responsivity: Thickness Impact: Thicker crystals generally have higher pyroelectric coefficients, which can increase sensitivity. However, the thermal mass also increases with thickness, which can affect the speed of the response. Optimal Range: There is an optimal range of thickness that balances sensitivity and thermal response time. Typically, for LiTaO₃, thicknesses range from 100 μm to 500 μm for most pyroelectric detector applications. Thermal Diffusion Length: Definition: Thermal diffusion length is the distance over which temperature fluctuations penetrate the material. It depends on the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and frequency of the incident radiation. Matching Thickness: Ideally, the crystal thickness should be on the order of the thermal diffusion length to ensure efficient thermal transfer without excessive lag. Frequency Response: Low-Frequency Applications: Thicker crystals may be preferred for low-frequency applications as they can store more thermal energy and provide higher signals. High-Frequency Applications: For high-frequency applications, thinner crystals are preferred to minimize thermal lag and ensure faster response times. Electrical and Mechanical Considerations: Dielectric Properties: Thicker crystals can increase the capacitance of the detector, which might affect the electrical noise and signal processing. Mechanical Stability: Very thin crystals might be more fragile and difficult to handle, requiring careful consideration in the design of the detector housing. Specific Application Requirements: Infrared Detectors: For IR detectors, balancing sensitivity and response time is crucial. Typical thicknesses might be in the range of 200-300 μm. Terahertz Detectors: For terahertz radiation, where longer wavelengths are involved, slightly thicker crystals might be more suitable. Practical Steps to Choose Thickness: Define Application Needs: Clearly define the specific application requirements, including frequency range, desired sensitivity, and response time. Consult Manufacturer Specifications: Review the datasheets and performance curves provided by crystal manufacturers, as they often recommend optimal thickness ranges for specific applications. Simulations and Modeling: Use thermal and electrical simulation tools to model the detector performance with different crystal thicknesses. This can help predict the impact on sensitivity and response time. Prototyping and Testing: Construct prototype detectors with varying thicknesses and empirically test their performance under actual operating conditions. This can provide valuable practical insights that simulations might not capture. Conclusion: Selecting the right thickness for a LiTaO₃ crystal in a pyroelectric detector involves balancing sensitivity, thermal response, frequency range, and mechanical stability. Typically, thicknesses in the range of 100-500 μm are used, with specific choices guided by detailed application requirements and empirical testing. Keywords: LiTaO₃, pyroelectric detector, crystal thickness, sensitivity, thermal diffusion length, frequency response, infrared detectors, terahertz detectors, thermal conductivity, specific heat, mechanical stability.

Some prominent manufacturers and brands of Alexandrite lasers include: Candela: Known for their GentleMax Pro and GentleLase systems, which are widely used for hair removal and vascular lesion treatments. Cynosure: Offers the Apogee Elite system, which combines Alexandrite and Nd lasers for various aesthetic treatments. Lumenis: Provides the LightSheer system, which includes Alexandrite laser technology for hair removal and other dermatological treatments. Quanta System: Offers the Thunder MT system, which combines Alexandrite and Nd lasers for a range of aesthetic and dermatological applications. Deka: Known for the Synchro REPLA system, which integrates Alexandrite and Nd lasers for hair removal and other treatments. Fotona: Offers the StarWalker and Fotona XP systems, which include Alexandrite laser technology for various medical and aesthetic procedures. Sharplight: Provides multi-technology platforms, including Alexandrite lasers, for aesthetic treatments. Asclepion: Known for the MeDioStar NeXT system, which incorporates Alexandrite laser technology for hair removal and other aesthetic applications. These brands are renowned for their advanced laser technology and are widely used in dermatology and aesthetic medicine. Keywords: Alexandrite lasers, manufacturers, brands, Candela, Cynosure, Lumenis, Quanta System, Deka, Fotona, Sharplight, Asclepion, hair removal, dermatology, aesthetic treatments.

An Alexandrite laser rod is a synthetic crystal used as the gain medium in Alexandrite lasers. It is composed of chrysoberyl (beryllium aluminum oxide) doped with chromium ions, which give the crystal its characteristic lasing properties. The rod is typically cylindrical and can vary in size depending on the specific design and application of the laser. Uses of Alexandrite Laser Rods: Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are widely used for permanent hair reduction. Their wavelength (755 nm) is highly effective for targeting melanin in hair follicles, making them suitable for treating a range of skin types, particularly those with lighter skin tones. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers are used to treat various pigmented lesions such as freckles, age spots, and melasma by targeting and breaking down the melanin in the skin. Tattoo Removal: Due to its ability to target dark pigments, Alexandrite lasers are effective in removing black and blue tattoos. Vascular Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers can also be used to treat vascular lesions like spider veins and hemangiomas by targeting the hemoglobin in the blood vessels. Skin Rejuvenation: They are used for skin resurfacing and tightening, helping to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and improve overall skin texture and tone. Dermatological Applications: Alexandrite lasers are employed in various dermatological treatments, including the removal of certain types of skin growths and lesions. The versatility and effectiveness of Alexandrite lasers make them a valuable tool in both medical and cosmetic dermatology. Keywords: Alexandrite laser rod, uses, hair removal, pigmented lesions, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, skin rejuvenation, dermatology, synthetic crystal, chrysoberyl, chromium ions.

An Alexandrite laser rod is a synthetic crystal used as the gain medium in Alexandrite lasers. It is composed of chrysoberyl (beryllium aluminum oxide) doped with chromium ions, which give the crystal its characteristic lasing properties. The rod is typically cylindrical and can vary in size depending on the specific design and application of the laser. Uses of Alexandrite Laser Rods: Hair Removal: Alexandrite lasers are widely used for permanent hair reduction. Their wavelength (755 nm) is highly effective for targeting melanin in hair follicles, making them suitable for treating a range of skin types, particularly those with lighter skin tones. Pigmented Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers are used to treat various pigmented lesions such as freckles, age spots, and melasma by targeting and breaking down the melanin in the skin. Tattoo Removal: Due to its ability to target dark pigments, Alexandrite lasers are effective in removing black and blue tattoos. Vascular Lesion Treatment: Alexandrite lasers can also be used to treat vascular lesions like spider veins and hemangiomas by targeting the hemoglobin in the blood vessels. Skin Rejuvenation: They are used for skin resurfacing and tightening, helping to reduce wrinkles, fine lines, and improve overall skin texture and tone. Dermatological Applications: Alexandrite lasers are employed in various dermatological treatments, including the removal of certain types of skin growths and lesions. The versatility and effectiveness of Alexandrite lasers make them a valuable tool in both medical and cosmetic dermatology. Keywords: Alexandrite laser rod, uses, hair removal, pigmented lesions, tattoo removal, vascular lesions, skin rejuvenation, dermatology, synthetic crystal, chrysoberyl, chromium ions.

A Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO3) detector is a type of pyroelectric detector used in Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers. This detector is known for its high sensitivity and fast response time, making it suitable for various applications in FT-IR spectroscopy. Characteristics of Lithium Tantalate Detectors: Pyroelectric Material: Lithium Tantalate is a pyroelectric material, meaning it generates a temporary voltage when heated or cooled. This property is utilized to detect infrared radiation. High Sensitivity: LiTaO3 detectors are highly sensitive to changes in temperature caused by absorbed infrared radiation, making them effective in detecting weak IR signals. Broad Spectral Response: They have a broad spectral response range, typically from the mid-infrared (MIR) to the far-infrared (FIR) regions, which is ideal for FT-IR applications. Fast Response Time: These detectors have a fast response time, allowing for quick data acquisition and high temporal resolution in FT-IR spectrometry. Uses in FT-IR Spectrometry: Chemical Analysis: Lithium Tantalate detectors are used to identify and quantify chemical compounds by measuring their unique IR absorption spectra. Material Characterization: They help in characterizing materials by determining their molecular composition and structure based on their infrared absorption patterns. Quality Control: In industrial applications, these detectors are used in FT-IR spectrometers for quality control of raw materials and finished products by analyzing their chemical composition. Environmental Monitoring: LiTaO3 detectors are employed in environmental monitoring to detect pollutants and contaminants by identifying their infrared signatures. Pharmaceuticals: They are used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug formulation and quality assurance by analyzing the chemical composition of drugs. Advantages of Using Lithium Tantalate Detectors: High Sensitivity: Capable of detecting low levels of infrared radiation, making them suitable for trace analysis. Stability: Provides stable and reliable performance over a wide range of temperatures. Durability: Robust and durable, suitable for long-term use in various environmental conditions. Lithium Tantalate detectors are an integral component of FT-IR spectrometers, providing accurate and reliable detection of infrared radiation for a wide range of analytical applications. Keywords: Lithium Tantalate detector, FT-IR spectrometer, pyroelectric detector, high sensitivity, broad spectral response, fast response time, chemical analysis, material characterization, quality control, environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals.

Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO3 or LTO) is used as a power monitor for pulsed lasers due to its pyroelectric properties. Here’s a detailed look at its application and advantages: Characteristics of Lithium Tantalate in Power Monitoring: Pyroelectric Effect: Lithium Tantalate is a pyroelectric material, which means it generates an electric charge in response to temperature changes. This property is utilized in detecting and measuring laser power. Wide Temperature Range: LiTaO3 can operate over a wide temperature range, making it suitable for various environments. High Sensitivity: It is highly sensitive to small temperature changes induced by laser pulses, allowing for precise power measurements. Fast Response: The material’s fast response time is crucial for monitoring pulsed lasers where rapid changes in power need to be detected accurately. Uses of Lithium Tantalate as Power Monitors: Laser Power Measurement: In applications where precise measurement of laser power is critical, such as in medical lasers, industrial cutting, and welding lasers, LiTaO3 sensors are employed. Pulse Energy Measurement: For pulsed laser systems, Lithium Tantalate detectors can measure the energy of each pulse, which is important in applications like laser surgery, materials processing, and scientific research. Stability and Calibration: LiTaO3 sensors provide stable and repeatable measurements, which are essential for calibration of laser systems and ensuring consistent performance. Feedback Control: These detectors can be part of a feedback loop to control the power output of the laser, maintaining desired levels for precision applications. Advantages of Lithium Tantalate for Laser Power Monitoring: Robustness: LiTaO3 is a durable material that can withstand harsh conditions and long-term use. High Dynamic Range: Capable of measuring a wide range of power levels, from very low to very high, suitable for various laser types. Non-contact Measurement: The pyroelectric effect allows for non-contact measurement, which is less intrusive and can be more reliable in certain setups. Versatility: Suitable for continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser systems, making it versatile across different applications. Applications: Medical Lasers: Used in dermatology, ophthalmology, and surgery where precise laser power control is vital. Industrial Lasers: Employed in manufacturing processes such as cutting, welding, and engraving. Scientific Research: Used in laboratories for experiments that require accurate laser power measurements. Defense and Aerospace: Utilized in systems that require precise control and monitoring of laser power for targeting, communication, and other applications. Lithium Tantalate detectors provide accurate, reliable, and fast measurement of laser power, making them essential components in many advanced laser systems. Keywords: Lithium Tantalate, LiTaO3, LTO, power monitors, pulsed laser, pyroelectric effect, laser power measurement, pulse energy measurement, stability, calibration, feedback control, medical lasers, industrial lasers, scientific research, defense, aerospace.

Here are the refractive indices and transmission ranges for Silicon, Zinc Selenide, BK-7 glass, Sapphire, Fused Silica, and Calcium Fluoride (CaF2): 1. Silicon (Si) - Refractive Index: ~3.42 at 1.55 µm - Transmission Range 1.2 µm to 7 µm (infrared range) 2. Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) - Refractive Index: ~2.40 at 10.6 µm - Transmission Range: 0.5 µm to 22 µm (visible to far infrared) 3. BK-7 Glass - Refractive Index: ~1.5168 at 587.6 nm (visible light) - Transmission Range: 0.35 µm to 2.0 µm (ultraviolet to near infrared) 4. Sapphire (Al2O3) - Refractive Index: ~1.76 at 589 nm - Transmission Range: 0.15 µm to 5.5 µm (ultraviolet to mid-infrared) 5. Fused Silica (SiO2) - Refractive Index: ~1.4585 at 589 nm - Transmission Range: 0.18 µm to 3.5 µm (ultraviolet to mid-infrared) 6. Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) - Refractive Index: ~1.434 at 589 nm - Transmission Range: 0.13 µm to 10 µm (ultraviolet to mid-infrared) These materials are commonly used in optical applications due to their specific refractive indices and wide transmission ranges, making them suitable for various wavelengths across the spectrum. Keywords: refractive index, transmission range, Silicon, Zinc Selenide, BK-7 glass, Sapphire, Fused Silica, CaF2, optical materials, infrared, ultraviolet, visible light.

What is it for?🤔

This feels like a dihydrogen oxide joke.

I thought there is a sci-fi weapon to be revealed, ended up just a shot of transparent cake in a Tupperware

Testing Indium Phosphide (InP) wafers for orientation, doping, and resistivity involves several techniques: 1. Orientation Testing - X-ray Diffraction (XRD): This technique determines the crystal structure and orientation by measuring the diffraction pattern of X-rays passed through the wafer. - Laue Back Reflection Method: This method uses a beam of X-rays that reflect off the crystal planes and produce a pattern indicating the orientation. 2. Doping Testing - Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS): SIMS can measure the concentration and distribution of dopants by sputtering the surface with a focused primary ion beam and analyzing the ejected secondary ions. - Hall Effect Measurement: This method determines the type (n or p) and concentration of charge carriers. It involves placing the wafer in a magnetic field and measuring the voltage generated perpendicular to the current. 3. Resistivity Testing - Four-Point Probe Method: This common method involves placing four equally spaced probes in contact with the wafer surface and measuring the voltage drop when a current is applied. - Van der Pauw Method: Suitable for samples of arbitrary shape, this method involves placing contacts at the edges of the wafer and measuring the resistance in different configurations to calculate resistivity. Detailed Steps: 1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for Orientation: - Mount the InP wafer in the XRD apparatus. - Align the wafer to obtain diffraction peaks. - Analyze the diffraction pattern to determine the orientation. 2. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) for Doping: - Prepare the wafer surface by cleaning. - Sputter the wafer surface with a primary ion beam. - Detect and analyze the secondary ions to determine the doping profile. 3. Four-Point Probe for Resistivity: - Place the wafer on the stage and position the four probes. - Apply a known current through the outer probes. - Measure the voltage drop across the inner probes. - Calculate the resistivity using the formula: \[ ho = \frac{\pi t}{\ln(2)} \left( \frac{V}{I} ight) \] where \( ho \) is resistivity, \( t \) is the thickness of the wafer, \( V \) is the measured voltage, and \( I \) is the applied current. These methods ensure accurate characterization of InP wafers for their intended applications. Keywords: InP wafers, orientation testing, doping testing, resistivity testing, X-ray Diffraction, Laue Back Reflection, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Hall Effect Measurement, Four-Point Probe Method, Van der Pauw Method.

Maybe this is a normal glass prism in tuperware, I cannot tell. Why did RUclips bring me here?

Solid state germanium etalon is an optical device used to measure the wavelengths of light with high precision. An etalon consists of two parallel, partially reflective surfaces separated by a certain distance, creating a cavity. When light enters this cavity, it undergoes multiple reflections between the surfaces, creating an interference pattern that can be analyzed to determine the light's wavelength. Germanium is often chosen for etalons because of its excellent optical properties in the infrared (IR) region, high refractive index, and low absorption. These devices are used in various applications, including spectroscopy, telecommunications, laser stabilization, and atmospheric sensing. The precision and stability of germanium etalons make them valuable tools in scientific research and industrial applications. Keywords: germanium etalon, optical device, wavelength measurement, interference pattern, infrared, high refractive index, spectroscopy, telecommunications, laser stabilization, atmospheric sensing.

Solid stae germanium etalon is an optical device used to measure the wavelengths of light with high precision. An etalon consists of two parallel, partially reflective surfaces separated by a certain distance, creating a cavity. When light enters this cavity, it undergoes multiple reflections between the surfaces, creating an interference pattern that can be analyzed to determine the light's wavelength. Germanium is often chosen for etalons because of its excellent optical properties in the infrared (IR) region, high refractive index, and low absorption. These devices are used in various applications, including spectroscopy, telecommunications, laser stabilization, and atmospheric sensing. The precision and stability of germanium etalons make them valuable tools in scientific research and industrial applications. Keywords: germanium etalon, optical device, wavelength measurement, interference pattern, infrared, high refractive index, spectroscopy, telecommunications, laser stabilization, atmospheric sensing.

A pyroelectric X-ray generator is a device that produces X-rays using the pyroelectric effect, where certain materials generate an electric charge in response to changes in temperature. These generators typically use crystals like lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃) or lithium niobate (LiNbO₃). When the temperature of the crystal is varied, it creates a strong electric field. This electric field can ionize a gas or accelerate electrons towards a target, causing the emission of X-rays. These generators are notable for their compact size, lack of need for an external power supply, and their potential use in portable X-ray sources, non-destructive testing, medical imaging, and security scanning. The efficiency and output of pyroelectric X-ray generators depend on the properties of the crystal and the specifics of the thermal cycling. Keywords: pyroelectric effect, X-ray generator, lithium tantalate, lithium niobate, electric field, temperature change, ionize gas, electron acceleration, portable X-ray source, non-destructive testing, medical imaging, security scanning.

New in production: Material: optical grade single crystalline diamond Orientation: (110) Diameter: 2.0 mm (± 0.1 mm) Thickness: 15 μm (± 5 μm) Surfaces: polished, Ra < 10 nm Part Number: DW_D2_T15um Material: optical grade single crystalline diamond Orientation: (110) Diameter: 2.0 mm (± 0.1 mm) Thickness: 40 μm (± 5 μm) Surfaces: polished, Ra < 10 nm Part Number: DW_D2_T40um Material: optical grade single crystalline diamond Orientation: (110) Diameter: 2.0 mm (± 0.1 mm) Thickness: 60 μm (± 5 μm) Surfaces: polished, Ra < 10 nm Part Number: DW_D2_T60um

The only good thing about the video, is that it's over.

Worst video ever

A demonstration would be heplful